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lexicon
Grafting
The joining of the bud from a desired fruiting variety (scion) to the stem of another variety (rootstock) chosen for characteristics such as resistance to phylloxera and adaptation to soils and climate. The grapes and wine of grafted vines retain the organoleptic characteristics of the scion. Below the graft union (where the scion and rootstock are joined) the resistant roots come from the rootstock variety.
Hybrid
Grapevine Vitis species are able to cross-pollinate both in nature and with deliberate human intervention. The pollen from a male variety is applied to the pistil of a female variety to create seeds in the grapes. Each seedling is a unique genetic combination that makes a new variety. This is an ancient process in nature and not a laboratory process like GMO. If that variety is found to be desirable, it is propagated by vegetative means, usually by rooting cuttings from the mother vine.
Hybrid Direct Producer
These are multi-species grapes between European and American Vitis that can sometimes be grown without grafting (ex. Clinton, Jacquez, Cunningham, Concord).
Phylloxera
Grapevine phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) is an aphidlike insect that feeds and forms galls on the roots and leaves of North American grapes causing little damage. However, the soft roots of Vitis vinifera did not evolve to tolerate this feeding and its root will decay leading to vine death.
Downy mildew
Called mildou in France this is a disease caused by the fungus Plasmopara viticola that is indigenous to North America where the native vines have developed a tolerance for it. When it travelled to Europe in the 19th century, it caused enormous damage to the crops, esp. those in the regions with high humidity and summer rainfall. French scientists found that spraying the vines with various formulations that included copper sulfate was an effective control.
Powdery mildew
Another North American fungus (Uncinula necator) that became a blight in vineyards planted to European vines starting in the 19th century.
Unlike downy mildew, this fungus does not need rainfall to reproduce and spread in vineyards so it is the main fungal problem in Meditarranean climates. The earliest method of control was to protect foliage and fruit with sulfur sprays.
PIWI
Acronym of the German word "Pilzwiderstandsfähig", literally meaning "capable of resisting fungi". PIWI Wines are wines from fungus-resistant grape varieties. Varieties that are resistant to vine diseases are therefore grouped together under this name. Resulting from multiple crossings between noble grape varieties and more hardy, even wild vines, these new varieties benefit from a natural resistance to the most devastating diseases of the vine, such as mildew and powdery mildew.
bibliography
Pierre Galet
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Précis d'ampélographie pratique
7ème édition, 1998.
http://www.pierregalet.fr/Ouvrages/PRECIS-D-AMPELOGRAPHIE-PRATIQUE.html
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Cépages et Vignobles de France
Tome 1 - Les vignes américaines
1988.
http://www.pierregalet.fr/Ouvrages/Cepages-et-Vignobles-de-France-Tome-1.html
Richard G. Leahy
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Beyond Jefferson Vines
The evolution of quality wine in Virginia
3rd edition - Richard Leahy Enterprises, 2020.
http://www.richardleahy.com/beyond-jeffersons-vines/
Maurice Bensoussan
- Vineland
Une histoire du vin aux États-Unis
Éditions l'arganier, 2006.
Lucie Morton
- Winegrowwing in Eastern America
Cornell University press, 1985.
Fruits Oubliés Réseau
- Revue n° 74 – Spécial Cépages interdits (et anciens hybrides)
Fruits Oubliés Réseau, 2018.
http://fruitsoublies.org/produit/74-special-cepages-interdits/
Freddy Couderc
- Les vins mythiques de la Cévenne ardéchoise et du Bas-Vivarais
Editions La Mirandole, 2005.
https://www.rue-des-livres.com/livre/2909282929/les_vins_mythiques_de_la_cevenne_ardechoise_et_du_bas-vivarais.html
France Culture
Émission Terre à Terre par Ruth Stégassy
29 décembre 2012 - "Les cépages interdits"
Avec : Freddy Couderc , amateur et collectionneur de vin, auteur de Les vins mythiques, de la Cévenne ardéchoise et du bas-Vivarais ; Hervé Garnier , de l’association « Mémoire de la vigne » et Pierre Galet, historien et ampélographe.
https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/terre-terre/les-cepages-interdits
links
Vineyards & resistant grape varieties
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Domaine La Colombette - 34500 BÉZIERS
http://lacolombette.fr/
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Domaine de Revel - 82800 VAïSSAC
http://domainederevel.com/
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Vignobles Ducourt - 33760 LADAUX
http://www.ducourt.com/wines_and_brands/metissage/
Association PIWI
- PIWI Internationa
lhttps://piwi-international.de
- PIWI France
https://www.piwifrance.com/
- PIWI Italy
https://piwi-international.de/en/piwi-regional/veneto/
- PIWI Switzerland
https://piwi-international.de/en/piwi-regional/switzerland/
- PIWI Austria
https://piwi-international.de/en/piwi-regional/austria/
Observatoire National du Déploiement des Cépages Résistants
https://observatoire-cepages-resistants.fr/
Cornell University (USA)
- School of Integrative Plant Science
https://sips.cals.cornell.edu/
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Horticulture Section
https://hort.cals.cornell.edu/
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Grape Breeding Program
http://www.hort.cornell.edu/reisch/grapegenetics/grapeinfo.html
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Northern Grapes Project
http://northerngrapesproject.org/
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