Grafting

The joining of the bud from a desired fruiting variety (scion) to the stem of another variety (rootstock) chosen for characteristics such as resistance to phylloxera and adaptation to soils and climate. The grapes and wine of grafted vines retain the organoleptic characteristics of the scion. Below the graft union (where the scion and rootstock are joined) the resistant roots come from the rootstock variety.

Hybrid

Grapevine Vitis species are able to cross-pollinate both in nature and with deliberate human intervention. The pollen from a male variety is applied to the pistil of a female variety to create seeds in the grapes. Each seedling is a unique genetic combination that makes a new variety. This is an ancient process in nature and not a laboratory process like GMO. If that variety is found to be desirable, it is propagated by vegetative means, usually by rooting cuttings from the mother vine.

Hybrid Direct Producer

These are multi-species grapes between European and American Vitis that can sometimes be grown without grafting (ex. Clinton, Jacquez, Cunningham, Concord).

Phylloxera

Grapevine phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) is an aphidlike insect that feeds and forms galls on the roots and leaves of North American grapes causing little damage. However, the soft roots of Vitis vinifera did not evolve to tolerate this feeding and its root will decay leading to vine death.

Downy mildew

Called mildou in France this is a disease caused by the fungus Plasmopara viticola that is indigenous to North America where the native vines have developed a tolerance for it. When it travelled to Europe in the 19th century, it caused enormous damage to the crops, esp. those in the regions with high humidity and summer rainfall. French scientists found that spraying the vines with various formulations that included copper sulfate was an effective control.

Powdery mildew

Another North American fungus (Uncinula necator) that became a blight in vineyards planted to European vines starting in the 19th century.
Unlike downy mildew, this fungus does not need rainfall to reproduce and spread in vineyards so it is the main fungal problem in Meditarranean climates. The earliest method of control was to protect foliage and fruit with sulfur sprays.

PIWI

Acronym of the German word "Pilzwiderstandsfähig", literally meaning "capable of resisting fungi". PIWI Wines are wines from fungus-resistant grape varieties. Varieties that are resistant to vine diseases are therefore grouped together under this name. Resulting from multiple crossings between noble grape varieties and more hardy, even wild vines, these new varieties benefit from a natural resistance to the most devastating diseases of the vine, such as mildew and powdery mildew.

Pierre Galet

http://www.pierregalet.fr

• Précis d'ampélographie pratique
  7ème édition, 1998.
  http://www.pierregalet.fr/Ouvrages/PRECIS-D-AMPELOGRAPHIE-PRATIQUE.html

Richard G. Leahy

http://www.richardleahy.com/

• Beyond Jefferson Vines
  The evolution of quality wine in Virginia
  3rd edition - Richard Leahy Enterprises, 2020.
  http://www.richardleahy.com/beyond-jeffersons-vines/

Maurice Bensoussan

• Vineland
  Une histoire du vin aux États-Unis
  Éditions l'arganier, 2006.

Lucie Morton

• Winegrowwing in Eastern America
  Cornell University press, 1985.

Fruits Oubliés Réseau

• Revue n° 74 – Spécial Cépages interdits (et anciens hybrides)
  Fruits Oubliés Réseau, 2018.
  http://fruitsoublies.org/produit/74-special-cepages-interdits/

Freddy Couderc

• Les vins mythiques de la Cévenne ardéchoise et du Bas-Vivarais
  Editions La Mirandole, 2005.
  https://www.rue-des-livres.com/livre/2909282929/les_vins_mythiques_de_la_cevenne_ardechoise_et_du_bas-vivarais.html

France Culture

Émission Terre à Terre par Ruth Stégassy
29 décembre 2012 - "Les cépages interdits"

Avec : Freddy Couderc , amateur et collectionneur de vin, auteur de Les vins mythiques, de la Cévenne ardéchoise et du bas-Vivarais ; Hervé Garnier , de l’association « Mémoire de la vigne » et Pierre Galet, historien et ampélographe.

https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/terre-terre/les-cepages-interdits

Vineyards & resistant grape varieties

• Domaine La Colombette - 34500 BÉZIERS
  http://lacolombette.fr/

Association PIWI

• PIWI Internationa
  lhttps://piwi-international.de
  
• PIWI France
  https://www.piwifrance.com/
  
• PIWI Italy
  https://piwi-international.de/en/piwi-regional/veneto/
  
• PIWI Switzerland
  https://piwi-international.de/en/piwi-regional/switzerland/
  
• PIWI Austria
  https://piwi-international.de/en/piwi-regional/austria/

Observatoire National du Déploiement des Cépages Résistants

https://observatoire-cepages-resistants.fr/

Association Mémoire de la Vigne

www.vigneantan.com

Pierre Galet

http://www.pierregalet.fr/

Association Fruits Oubliés Réseau

www.fruitsoublies.org

Bully Hill Vineyards (USA)

www.bullyhillvineyards.com

Uhudler wine

www.uhudlerverein.at

Confraternita del Clinto (Italie)

www.facebook.com/pg/clintoconfraternita

Cornell University (USA)

• School of Integrative Plant Science
  https://sips.cals.cornell.edu/
  
  • Horticulture Section
    https://hort.cals.cornell.edu/
    
    • Grape Breeding Program
      http://www.hort.cornell.edu/reisch/grapegenetics/grapeinfo.html
      
    • Northern Grapes Project
      http://northerngrapesproject.org/

Greffer.net

• La vigne
  http://www.greffer.net/discussion/viewforum.php?f=17
  

INRAE

• Grand Est - Colmar - Viticulture
  https://www.inrae.fr/centres/grand-est-colmar

IGP Cévennes

http://www.vinsdescevennes.com/